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Nebra (Pharaoh)
Nebra or Raneb is the Horus name of the second early Egyptian king of the 2nd dynasty. The exact length of his reign is unknown since the Turin canon is damaged and the year accounts are lost.〔Alan H. Gardiner: ''The royal canon of Turin''. Griffith Institute of Oxford, Oxford (UK) 1997, ISBN 0-900416-48-3; page 15 & Table I.〕 The ancient Greek historian Manetho suggests that Nebra's reign lasted 39 years,〔William Gillian Waddell: ''Manetho (The Loeb classical Library, Volume 350)''. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (Mass.) 2004 (Reprint), ISBN 0-674-99385-3, page 37–41.〕 but Egyptologists question Manetho's view as a misinterpretation or exaggeration of information that was available to him. They credit Nebra with either a 10- or 14-year rule.〔Dietrich Wildung: ''Die Rolle ägyptischer Könige im Bewusstsein ihrer Nachwelt. Teil 1: Posthume Quellen über die Könige der ersten vier Dynastien''; Münchener Ägyptologische Studien, Volume 17. Deutscher Kunstverlag, München/Berlin, 1969''. page 31-33.〕 According to different authors, Nebra ruled Egypt c. 2850 BC,〔M. L. Bierbrier, ''Historical dictionary of ancient Egypt'', M. L. Bierbrier, Scarecrow Press, 2008〕 from 2820 BC to 2790 BC (Donald B. Redford), 2800 BC to 2785 BC (Jürgen von Beckerath) or 2765 BC to 2750 BC (J. Málek).〔http://www.phouka.com/pharaoh/pharaoh/dynasties/dyn02/02raneb.html〕
== Attestations ==
Raneb's name appears on several stone vessels, mostly made of shist, alabaster and marble. Most of the bowls were found at Abydos, Giza and Saqqara. The inscriptions contain depictions of cultic buildings such as the ''Ka''-house, depictions of deities such as Bastet, Neith and Seth and also the mentionings of cultic feasts. Interestingly, all found objects present Raneb's name either together with that of his predecessor Hotepsekhemwy or with his successor Nynetjer. Raneb's name never appears alone.〔Toby A. H. Wilkinson: ''Early Dynastic Egypt''. Routledge, London/New York 1999, ISBN 0-415-18633-1, p. 87.〕
Clay seal impressions with Raneb's name were found beneath the causeway of the Pyramid of Unas at Saqqara and inside a large gallery tomb, also at Saqqara. This tomb also yielded several seal impressions with Hotepsekhemwy's name and for this reason it is debated whether the tomb belongs to Raneb or his predecessor Hotepsekhemwy.〔Eva-Maria Engel: ''Die Siegelabrollungen von Hetepsechemui und Raneb aus Saqqara''. In: Ernst Czerny, Irmgard Hein: ''Timelines - Studies in Honour of Manfred Bietak'' (= ''Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta. (OLA)'', vol. 149). Leuven, Paris/Dudley 2006, p. 28-29, Fig. 6-9.〕
In 2012, Pierre Tallet and Damien Leisnay reported three rock inscriptions with Raneb's horus name found in the south of Sinai peninsula. Each rock inscription can be found in a different wadi: Wadi Abu Madawi, Wadi Abu Koua and Wadi Ameyra. The places where Raneb's name is displayed lie along a very old route used for expeditions from the western shore of the Sinai to its inland, where copper and turquoise mines existed. Along the wadis the names of predynastic kings up to pharaohs of the 4th Dynasty are located at the same places.〔Pierre Tallet, Damien Laisnay: ''Iry-Hor et Narmer au Sud-Sinaï (Ouadi 'Ameyra), un complément à la chronologie des expéditios minière égyptiene.'' In: ''Bulletin de l'Institut Français D'Archéologie Orientale (BIFAO)'', vol. 112, 2012, p. 389-398.〕
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